Table 2 Candidate biomarkers for LN versus HC and SLE

Ganguly et al., 2020

Citrate/creatine

↓

0.9136

Acetate/creatinine ratio

↑

0.6883

Li et al., 2017

Theophylline

↓

0.77

0.277

Oxidized glutathione

↓

0.77

1.473

Capric acid

↑

0.74

1.486

3-Indolepropionic acid

↓

0.72

0.650

Norvaline

↓

0.75

0.630

Hippuric acid

↓

0.72

0.531

Sphingosine

↓

0.72

0.533

Sorbitol

↑

0.75

5.077

Cortisol

↓

0.73

0.486

N-acetylglutamine

↓

0.72

0.158

Glucose 6-phosphate

↓

0.70

0.124

Riboflavin

↓

0.70

0.738

Taurine

↓

0.67

0.368

Creatinine

↓

0.75

0.762

Guleria et al., 2016

Leucine

↓

0.82

1.1

—

-

—

Valine

↓

0.93

1.8

—

-

—

Alanine

↓

0.87

3.22

—

-

—

Acetate

↓

0.81

0.62

↓

1

1.44

NAG

↑

0.95

2.65

—

-

—

Glutamate

↓

0.98

1.42

—

-

—

Citrate

↓

0.99

0.89

-

-

-

Choline

↓

0.76

2.72

↑

0.82

4.53

Proline

↓

0.82

1.68

—

-

—

Glycine

↓

0.89

3.33

—

-

—

Lactate

↓

0.96

8.98

↑

0.75

3.13

Glucose

↑

0.80-0.99

1.00–6.30

↓

0.75-0.92

1.00–6.09

Histidine

↓

0.85

0.72

—

-

—

L1\L2

↑

0.94

1.00–2.96

↑

0.98

1.00–2.59

L3\L4

↑

0.98

2.00–10.1

↑

0.99

2.00–9.70

L5

↑

0.87

0.78

↑

0.96

0.81

L6

↑

0.92

1.5

↑

0.96

1.65

L7

↑

0.88

1.06

↑

0.96

1.1

L8

↑

0.83

0.37

↑

0.93

0.42

L9

↑

0.96

1.4

↑

0.98

1.32

Kalantari et al., 2019

4-Methylcatechol

↑

0.73

1.4

-

0.61

-

DOPAL

↑

0.72

1.3

↑

0.71

1.2

Unknown

↑

0.72

1

-

0.88

-

2,2-DMS

↓

0.87

1.3

↓

0.85

2.1

Beta-alanine

↓

0.9

1.3

↓

1.8

Nicotinamide ribotide (NMN)

-

0.73

-

↑

1.13

Nicotinamide

-

0.74

-

↑

1.16

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

-

0.79

-

↑

1.5

Nicotinic acid

-

-

↑

1.1

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

-

0.73

-

↑

1.2

Epi-coprostanol

-

0.74

-

↓

1.3

Pyridoxine

-

0.68

-

↓

1.7

Hippuric acid

-

0.8

-

↓

1.5

Anthranilic acid

-

0.76

-

↓

1.8

Unknown

-

0.74

-

↓

1.3

W. Zhang et al., 2022^a

(10E,12Z)-(9S)-9-Hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid

↓

1.424

5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid

↑

1.194

cis-p-Coumaroylcorosolic acid

↓

1.532

Dolichosterone

↓

1.865

Ganoderiol H

↓

1.702

L-Hexanoylcarnitine

↑

1.811

Lycoperoside D

↑

1.061

Malonylcarnitine

↑

1.403

PS(14:1(9Z)/14:0)

↓

1.078

5'-Methylthioadenosine

↑

1.119

Orotidine

↑

1.083

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonate

↑

1.997

4-Hydroxy-2-oxobutanoic acid

↓

1.373

Alanyl-Leucine

↑

1.998

apo-[3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)]

↑

1.733

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

↑

1.742

Creatinine

↑

1.598

gamma-Glutamylleucine

↑

1.453

Homocysteine thiolactone

↓

1.507

Leucyl-Valine

↓

1.816

Serylcysteine

↑

1.346

Aldehydo-D-xylose

↑

1.709

myo-Inositol

↑

1.407

Threonic acid

↑

1.377

2,4,6,8-Decatetraenoic acid dehydropiperidide

↑

1.642

4-Amino-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid

↑

1.558

Allantoin

↑

1.118

Aloesol

↓

1.546

Mercaptopurine

↑

1.767

2,4,6,8-Decatetraenoic acid dehydropiperidide

↑

1.642

4-Amino-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid

↑

1.558

Allantoin

↑

1.118

Aloesol

↓

1.546

Mercaptopurine

↑

1.767

Methylimidazole acetaldehyde

↑

1.577

Methylimidazoleacetic acid

↑

1.587

N1-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide

↑

1.289

Pyrazine

↑

1.380

Xanthine

↑

1.604

Y. Zhang et al., 2022

DG (18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/0:0)

↑

2.45

SM d34:2

↑

2.31

1,5-Anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose

↑

2.04

8-(4-Methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-6-methyl-octa-3,5-dien-2-one

↑

2.00

Cer-BDS d38:5

↑

1.90

Phenylacetyl-L-glutamine

↑

1.82

a-Amino-g-cyanobutanoate

↑

1.77

Pro-Leu

↑

1.75

lysoDGTS 15:2

↑

1.73

LDGTS 15:1

↑

1.64

Glycidyloleate

↑

1.53

PE 34:1

↓

2.26

1-Hexadecylthio-2-hexadecanoylamino-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

↓

2.21

SM 24:1

↓

2.02

PC (18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z))

↓

2.01

Cer-NS d27:4

↓

1.95

PC (14:0/20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z))

↓

1.90

PC 38:6

↓

1.88

PC (13:0/19:0)

↓

1.86

Diisononyl phthalate

↓

1.73

DG 35:5

↓

1.65

PC 40:6

↓

1.64

Serylisoleucine

↓

1.58

SM d36:2

↓

1.51

PC (18:1(9Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z))

↓

1.51

CAY10449

↓

3.48

Nervonic acid

↓

1.96